To Characterize a Character :: essays research papers

To Characterize a CharacterCharacter is the combination of qualities and features that distinguish a someone, group, or thing from others. The wise Benjamin Disraeli once said, Characters do no change. Opinions alter, but characters are only developed. This statement is worth acknowledging, however, I disagree. Characters are an essential part of whatever literary piece, and in the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, I have observed some(prenominal) characters alter and change. Of course, Disraeli is referring to the character within a person and I am referring to characters (or imaginary people) in a novel, but they do have a relation. What would a novels character be without an intragroup character, or personality? Drastic alterations of character occur in both Hester Prynne and Roger Chillingworth. But who, in reference to my statement of what character is, has more of it? Hester Prynne is the social outcast of the Puritan village due to her sin of committing adultery. She wears a large letter A on her bosom and is constantly put to shame by it. The town (including children) openly mock her as she walks about. But even so, Hester endures it and has gained keen strength from it. Though she is an outcast, she works hard and continues to keep herself and her daughter, Pearl, alive and well. Hester achieves survival through sewing. She has, aegir on her breast, in the curiously embroidered letter, a specimen of her delicate and imaginative skills (Page 56). She even sews clothing for the homeless, but they are ungrateful for it. Because of her ability to stay alive, and jockstrap the needy even though nobody ever helped her, some referred to the letter A on her chest as Able. Roger Chillingworth, who is secretly the husband of Hester Prynne, has a great amount of character, also. He arrives in town and decides to stay upon his promise to discover the father of Hesters child. He serves as a physician knowing several medicine concoctions f rom roots and weeds, as taught by the Indians. Soon, it is suggested by people of the town that Chillingworth should move in with Reverend Dimmesdale in order to care for him during his time of illness. later on living together for a while, Chillingworth realizes that Dimmesdales illness is not a physical illness. It is due to some internal and spiritual illness, such as guilt. Chillingworth takes good of this finding and plays with the Reverends emotions already knowing that he is the father of Pearl.

Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton and the Industrial Novel Essay examples

Elizabeth Gaskells Mary Barton and the Industrial Novel Elizabeth Gaskells Mary Barton belongs to a small, short-lived form of Victorian literature called the industrial novel. The primary authors of this genreCharles Kingsley, Frances Trollope, Charlotte Bront, Benjamin Disraeli, Charles Dickens, and Elizabeth Gaskellall were, what Herbert Sussman describes, as primarily middle-class authors writing for middle class readers in a quickly changing world, where both(prenominal) author and reader struggled to comprehend their transforming society. The English people new not whether to accept this newly industrialized world as a necessary way out of capitalism, or reject it for its inherent inhumanity. Writers like Gaskell portrayed the victims of this new world with sympathy, but expressed fear that the working-class would someday rise to overthrow the economic system that had treated them with such cruelty. As working conditions improved, and people became tempered to this new world, the industrial novel, with few exceptions, ceased to exist, but we can use this genre to opinion back on how the industrialized worldthe world in which we now live comfortablycame into being. It was just about 40 years before Elizabeth Gaskell promulgated Mary Barton that Great Britain was primarily a rural, agricultural society. Many people grew their own food, and clothes and household materials were usually made within the home. Any vary occupation almost always centered on the home and family, with children and parents both contributing to the family business. Three inventions, however, swiftly changed this system. The invention of the spinning mule and spinning jenny allowed mass production of woven cloth, which was ... ...oughout Europe, forced the English government to create new restrictions that outlawed child-labor, decreased working hours, increased worker safety, and implemented a host of other policies that allowed an overall improvement in living conditions for the working-class. By the end of the 19th century, the condition of the working-class was better than it had ever been, and England had survived the most rapid century of change in its history. Literary works like Mary Barton were Gaskells attempt to understand this period of change, and they are our best hope of richly understanding them ourselves.SourcesVictorian Britain. Ed. Sally Mitchell. New York Garland, 1988. Factories, Factory Acts, Textile Industry, Working Hours. A Companion to Victorian Literature. Ed. Herbert F. Tucker. Oxford Blackwell, 1999. Industrial by Herbert Sussman.

Emersons Essay - Nature :: Emerson Nature Essays

Emersons Essay - Nature   Emersons essay, Nature is essentially adept that seeks show a new dramatis personae of enlightening the human timbre and urges the establishment of a stronger link between man and the Universal Spirit through. Emerson sees nature as this inspiration to people and catalyst for a deeper understanding of the ghostlike world.   In the opening paragraphs of his first chapter, Emerson finds that nature, like stars is always present and creates a reverence in the observer, but is also always inaccessible (14). Emerson also brings ahead the idea that not everyone can really observe nature, but one must have the correct mental/spiritual state, as a babe might. He discusses the improving aspects one can find in nature - youth, reason, and faith. Intrigued by visual perceptions, he claims that he looses contact with everything but nature becomes a transparent eye-ball and feels that I am part or parcel of God (16). Emersons emphatic words a re perhaps the best description of the enthralling emotions of a sublime sleep together as possible.   Throughout the other chapters, Emerson explores the idea of nature as instructor to man and how man can learn from nature. He repeatedly says that nature is a divine creation of God and through it man can learn to be closer to god. However, despite the reverence, awe, and prerequisite mental status, he also presents the conceit of nature being below and man on a Scala Natura of sorts. Although man seen as connected to and part of nature, for he questions if we can separate the man from the living printing of nature (26), he finds that nature is nothing without human interpretation because All facts in natural history taken by themselves have not cherish . . .. but marry it to human history, and it is full of life, (33). However, there appears to be some more complicated interactions between nature and humans because human language, arguably one of the most impo rtant inventions/discoveries in our history is immediately dependent on nature (35). In a chapter titled Discipline, Emerson states that nature is thoroughly mediate. It is made to serve, (45). Emerson believes that the human form is superior to all other organizations which appear to be degradations of it (50).

The Decline of Literacy Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Topics

An decline has occurred in the amount of time young people spend reading. The loss of interest in teenagers for reading has resulted from the invention of the moving picture. No longer do teenagers open their imaginations to create a vision of stories portrayed in books. The visions have already been provided for them in the forms of exposures, video games, and television. A common pastime for teenagers is impression watching. Every weekend, and occasionally week nights, one can find hundreds of young people at movie theaters. Great stories that were once only obtainable through reading have been made into movies, attracting millions of young people to watch. I recently went to see the movie create of Stephen Kings book The Green Mile. I had beforehand read the book. To me, the movie did not accurately portray Kings book. Most of the young people I asked to compare the movie and the book told me they had never even heard of the book version of The Green Mile. I found th e fact that movies have replaced the thrill of reading for teenagers very discouraging. characterisation games ar...

Shakespeare :: essays research papers

Personal lifeHis life was a good one for the times, no money struggles or divorced p bents. His catch didnt expect him to fallow in his footprints like most parents, but, he would have liked it. Instead his father wanted what was best for him. In turn he fallowed his dreams of acting, writing and producing plays. His childhood was hard working he went to the kings new grammar school. He too studied Latin and Greek which he incorporates in his plays. When he was 18, he was married to Anna Hathaway, aged 26. Their kids names were Susanna, Hamnet and Judith.Burbages influence on ShakespeareBoth Shakespeare and Burbage were 20, arouse in theater, both part of the lords chamberlains men and both seeking success. Burbage invented the actual name theater and paying at the inlet of the theater instead of in it. The Theater had to be taken down so they took it apart and set it back up on the bank font of London and named it the Globe.For the observers eye of Shakespeares plays in the Gl obeThe performances would start at approximately 2 o clock in the after noontide unless the flag was up, which meant that the weather was too bad to host the play. Part of the Globes roof was open and the rest was thatch making it easy for the weather to cancel performances. Its octagon, var. of circular shape and being 3 stories tall helped to create its name, the Globe. Up too 3000 people could fit in the Globe and payments went 1 penny for a ground view and 2 pennies for a gallery seat. The stage was a thrust stage with secret entrances and great performances until it burned down from a gun for hire of clothe in a cannon that landed on the roof. The Globe was no longer a Theater.Life as an actorThere are 10 key points to the life of an actor.1. It was a long day2. You had to repeat shows lots3. Memorizing your lines4. You had to be very skillful in portraying different personalities5. Had to be entertaining for the audience

Shakespeare :: essays research papers

Personal lifeHis life was a good one for the times, no money struggles or divorced parents. His mother didnt expect him to fallow in his footprints like most parents, but, he would have liked it. Instead his father wanted what was best for him. In knock over he fallowed his dreams of acting, writing and producing plays. His childhood was hard working he went to the kings new grammar school. He also studied Latin and Greek which he incorporates in his plays. When he was 18, he was married to Anna Hathaway, aged 26. Their kids names were Susanna, Hamnet and Judith.Burbages influence on ShakespeareBoth Shakespeare and Burbage were 20, interested in theater, both part of the lords chamberlains men and both seeking success. Burbage invented the actual name theater and paying at the doorway of the theater instead of in it. The household had to be taken down so they took it apart and set it back up on the bank side of London and named it the Globe.For the observers eye of Shakespeares plays in the GlobeThe performances would start at approximately 2 o clock in the after noon unless the flag was up, which meant that the weather was too spoilt to host the play. Part of the Globes roof was open and the rest was thatch making it easy for the weather to cancel performances. Its octagon, kind of circular shape and being 3 stories tall helped to create its name, the Globe. Up too 3000 people could fit in the Globe and payments went 1 penny for a ground view and 2 pennies for a gallery seat. The stage was a thrust stage with secret entrances and great performances until it burned down from a shot of clothe in a waist that landed on the roof. The Globe was no longer a Theater.Life as an actorThere are 10 key points to the life of an actor.1. It was a long day2. You had to repeat shows lots3. Memorizing your lines4. You had to be very skillful in portraying different personalities5. Had to be entertaining for the audience

Ludwig Von Bertalanffy

History Ludwig V. Bertalanffy was born in September 19, 1901, and grew up in the little village of Atzgersdorf nearVienna. He wasknown as unrivaled of the fo lows of general systems theory(GST). Von Bertalanffy grew up in Austria and subsequently worked in Vienna, London, Canada and the USA. In 1972, he died from a suddenheart attack. Theory ( Open System ) Ludwig create open system theory between 1930 and 1956. By the early 1960s, theoretical psychologists applied the theory to government activityal structures such as governments, universities and businesses.Any time an individual organization uses resources from its surroundingsincluding personnelin its production, its system is open to outside forces. System Characteristics When a business regularly interacts with its environment, and exchanges and processes feedback, it is an open system organizational structure. Open systems bewilder open, or porous, boundaries that allow feedback exchanges from inside and outside the busi ness.The controllers of open systems pay attention to their external environment, internal environment and customer needs and reactions. Open systems tend to overdress more than one way to accomplish goals or reach similar results with different conditions and operationswhat von Bertalanffy called equifinality . This is in direct contrast to closed systems that function under the assumption that there is only one way to achieve a result a direct relationship between cause and effect. Open Systems in BusinessBusinesses depend on employees, suppliers, customers and even the competition for research, development and profit. Because the business doesnt have control of all the environmental forces, it relies on predictions and contingencies to cope with unannounced input. For example, an influenza epidemic can affect suppliers, personnel and even customers, causing lost production and lost profit. Benefits Open system organizational structures promote impressive problem solving by c larifying the big picture.Continuous feedback and response results in better understanding, by leadership and management, of the organizations structure within the environment and the interactive dynamics between them. That opens the door for better communication and more feedback. When the system and subsystems have enough feedback, the results can produce more clearly enjoin planning, intelligent design, useful products and necessary services.

Irish culture communicated by riverdance Essay

How River bounce communicates stories about the Irish culture. River bounce began as a succinct intermission piece when Ireland was the host of the Eurovision Song Contest. The Riverdance modernized the insight with regards to Irish dances. They deviated from the old straightlaced and rule-bound contest plans or format and turned it to a more contemporary and dramatic form of dance (Brennan, 1999). Of which, I deplete selected Ceili terpsichore, an Irish folk dance and Mark Moris dance.Ceili dancing is unitary of the two kinds of dances in Ireland where it is usually composed of a large number of dancers which is basically easy to pick up. Ceili dancing is one of the Irish folk dances, which is considered a social dance. Ceili dances generally require pairs and argon danced where the couples are arranged into formations or sets (OKeeffe, 1934). Frequently, squares of four couples, but many other formations are found, such as a ceili dance carried out with as few as three and as m any as sixteen people. The quantity of couples in the ceili dance is unlimited and they are often in a long line.At times, they may proceed around in a circle. Though ceili dances have easy to pick-up steps, it is a fast paced dance, most of the time if not all, which makes it challenging (OKeeffe, 1934). Irish social dances, like the ceili dances, are a living tradition. Though sometimes, variations may rise and the dances are modified thus choreographing a new kind of dance. Mark Moris dance. Mark Moris dance is named after Mark Moris, the soul of modern dancing that has been to a great extent valued and cherished all round the world where American modern dance is infused.Innovative steps of the Mark Moris dance cater to the younger generation by adding fresh improvements to the usual traditional dance. Museums, art galleries and old pagan customs are still eminent in Ireland. Ireland also offers a wide range of cultural events ranging from arts festivals to farming events, espec ially during the summer months. Ceili dancing is bounded to the traditional Irish culture. Though Ireland has a rich culture, ceili dancing for me would start to depreciate if it does not create ways to cater the new generation of Ireland youth or tourists.Mark Moris dance achieved a status that is highly appreciated and respected by the world due to its innovations, or the so-called modern dance. Riverdance is an example of an innovation in Ireland that helped in accounting entry Irish culture to the world. The Riverdance is actually a theatrical show with traditional Irish step dancing, where most stepdancers also perform using ceili dances, exemplified by dictated arms and stationary body with fast and quick leg actions or movements. Riverdance continued its shows even outside Ireland.Moreover, Riverdance is able to create a bridge betwixt the gap of the new generation and the old Ireland traditions and culture. With contemporary steps and improved formations without sacrifici ng the traditional Irish folk dances, it attracts the new audience creating a certain rareness or inquisitiveness. After getting their attention, it then tells tales of the Ireland traditions and its rich culture, beliefs, stories and other aspects of Ireland customs through infused drama on its dances.It communicates to both the old and new youths of Ireland and to the tourists. Riverdance does not simply communicate stories about the Irish culture within the boundaries of Ireland, but also to the world.References 1997. April 27, 2007. . Brennan, Helen. The Story of Irish Dancing. Mount Eagle Publications Ltd. , 1999. OKeeffe, J. G. , and Art OBrien. A Handbook of Irish Dances. Gill and Son Ltd. , 1934.

Assess the view that factors and processes within the school Essay

Many sociologists argue that factors and processes within school are the chief(prenominal) cause of difference These factors include gender, class and ethnicity. All of these things peck lead to certain stereotypes and labels being forced upon pupils. The theme that Teachers bemuse certain expectations of different companionable and ethnic conferences means that self-fulfilling prophecy tidy sum lead to pupils living divulge positive and veto labels.The role of gender in educational givement is that in past times it has been that boys have achieved less than girls in school, this could be that boys have a history of laddish behaviour and have had a negative attitude to learning. This had as well led to teachers expectations of lads to be low which has caused negative stereotypes and labels. All of these things have in turn caused many anti-school subcultures. Jackson did a study about how this laddish behaviour is in a flash being seen in some girls which could in fact m ean that it is not only boys that have these negative labels but also girls.Another factor that may influence the achievement of girls is that girls now have a lot of higher role models and more opportunities in the future this can lead to them working harder because they can see themselves being successful in the future. Another In-school factor would be ethnicity, different ethnic groups achieve better than others in education, for example the highest achieving ethnic group is British Chinese and the lowest would be black African Caribbean boys. The reasons for these differences in achievement could be linked to family morals and attitudes to school.Teachers also have expectations of different ethnic groups which again, like gender can lead to positive and negative labels and stereotypes. The curriculum in schools could also lead to this due to it being ethnocentric. Differences in class an revivify a crucial role in the achievement between different classes, for example workin g class children do not have as ofttimes cultural capital as middle class children and this can play a vital part in how they achieve at school, due to teachers expectations of how they stomach and achieve.The idea of the hidden curriculum means that schools are preparing students for middle class jobs with middle class ideas. Also the idea that middle class teachers get on better with idle class students also reinforces the idea of teachers expectations which can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy and students either over or under achieving. superstar more in-school factor would be pupil subcultures and how streaming and setting can lead to both anti and pro school subcultures, This again links to the idea of self-fulfilling prophecy and that students may either reject their labels or follow them. The organisation of the school can also be closely linked to class and how students may be put into lower streams or sets due to their social background and how teachers perceive them. Ho me backgrounds of students also contribute to a large part of their achievement.The differences in class can lead to many home disadvantages such as material deprivation which means that students do not have enough cash for resources such as private tutors, laptops, trips or uniforms this will give them a disadvantage compared to middle class students. Working class students may also have other responsibilities to attend to such as looking after siblings or even disabled parents this means that they do not have as a lot time to spend on studying.Parents attitudes towards school and education can also prove to be an impact, if a parent has a negative attitude to school and learning then the child will not have as much pressure or ambition to do as well. This idea of parent expectations links closely with ethnicity and how different ethnic groups view educarion. In conclusion there are many in school processes that can influence the achievement of children such as gender and how gir ls and boys are perceived and what teachers expect of them.Another would be Class and how working and middle class students achieve differently due to aspects of school life like the hidden curriculum. Also ethnicity and the expectations and ideas about certain groups like the British Chinese. There are also a lot of out of school factors such as home background, material deprivation and parents expectations. Overall I believe that the both in school factors and out of school factors contribute to the differences in educational achievement of different social groups.

Has OPEC been a Successful Cartel? Essay

A stipulation is an organisation of producers grouped together for their own benefit. The most well know contract in existence today is OPEC, Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Its members are some (but not all) of the most important inunct producing countries including Saudi Arabia and Mexico. close cartels try to raise prices at the expense of consumers.The aim of this essay is to determine whether OPEC has been a successful cartel, this will mean I down to examine the strengths and weaknesses of OPEC which have been present throughout their existence of allowing oil. This should allow me to make an appropriate judgement on whether OPEC has been a successful Cartel.The brief history of oil prices essay that oil was cheap in the 1950s and 60s. This was out-of-pocket to supply prepareing faster than aim. The early 1970s saw a reversal of this trend, as gather up addd faster than supply. This was mainly due to the world economy booming.Source adapted from BP st atistical reviewIn November 1973, politics in the Middle eastbound was to have a great issuing on oil prices. With an existing tight market, the result was am explosion in the price of oil.The war was currently over but its economic downturn effect was not lost on OPEC. OPEC, whose members at the time supplied over 60% of world demand for oil, nonionised a system of quotas amongst themselves, fixing limits on how much each member could produce. By slightly cutting back on pre-1973 drudgery levels, they were able to increase the average price of oil to around $13 (as shown in the table above). harm S2 As this demand and supply diagramS1 shows, as Supply decreases from S1 toS2, Price increases from P1 to P2. ThisP2 explains how OPEC managed to increaseaverage prices of oil to $13 by cuttingP1 back on supply.DQuantity QD2 QD1However, this graph in any case shows that Quantity demanded for oil would also decrease. This would mean OPEC may well not be better of in terms of revenue as price increases and quantity demanded decreases (Price * Quantity =Revenue). However in that location was a fundamental reason why OPEC could successfully pioneer this massive price rise, this was mainly due to the fact that the demand for oil was dead in the shortsighted run.Price inelasticity assumes that demand is not heavily affected by a change in price. The reason behind oil being an inelastic product was due to the fact that oil consumers had invested heavily in capital equipment such as oil-fired heating systems and petrol driven cars. In the short term there were no cheap alternative substitutes. As a result OPEC would receive a higher revenue by increasing prices therefrom higher win. This could be considered a strength of OPEC as a cartel.However, in the longer term consumers are able to replace oil-powered equipment (substitutes). This would increase the elasticity of oil, indeed an increase in price would have a more responsive effect on the amount demanded. As a consequence, when the demand for oil began to grow again in 1976,it was a slower rate than in the early 70s.In 1978, Iran and Iraq went to war. Iran was a major oil producer, and thesubsequent war severely break supplies from these two countries. OPEC used this opportunity to tighten supply again. As a result rose again from $13 a barrel in 1978 to $36 a barrel in 1980. Total world demand fell once again. This gives an indication of OPEC being affected by external influences such as strains among their member countries.August 1990 saw another blow to OPECs strangle hold over the success of producing oil in a profitable manner. political events in the Middle East saw Iraq invade Kuwait, as a result oil sanctions were applied to the proceeds of both countries by oil consuming countries. Other oil producing countries feared of a major shortage in supply as prices rose from $18 to $40 a barrel as a result other non-OPEC countries reacted by increasing production in oil. Prices fel l back as overall supply returned to normal. Since the successful counter by the US to retake Kuwait, the price of oil has seen a steady drift downwards in price. This has also led to OPEC losing out due to more countries increasing production in oil causing an increase in competition.Restricting competition is not necessarily easy. There are trinity potential occupations that OPEC has to overcome due to it being a cartel. These are explained belowAn agreement has to be reachedThe larger the crook of pie-eyeds, the greater the possibility that at least one key firm participant will refuse to collude. In the case of OPEC, this may well be difficult due to political disagreement that has regularly occurred during OPECs history. rip off has to be preventedOnce an agreement is made and profitability in the industry is raised, it would pay an individual firm to cheat so long as no other firms do the same. In the case of OPEC, with the increase in non-OPEC supply has led to strains amo ng OPEC members. This has led to an increased incentive tocheat(mentioned further on in the essay). authorization competition must be restrictedAbnormal net income will encourage not only existing firms in the industry to expand output but also new firms to enter the industry. Firms already in the industries that dont join the cartel may be happy to follow the policies of the cartel in order to earn abnormal profits themselves. However, in the case of OPEC, it would be hard for another competing country to do this as oil is a scarce resource and also OPEC already has the majority of the market within their own organisation.There are a number of reasons why OPEC has been one of the hardly a(prenominal) international cartels that have survived over a long period of time, this is due to the followingNo need for any buffer stocks or large amounts of fiscal capitalIf OPEC wishes to reduce supply. Member countries simply produce less and leave their oil in the ground.There are a relativ ely small number of members of OPECMember countries are able to exert a high degree of control over the volume of oil lifted within their own countries.petroleum production is not particularly affected by variations in weatherHence supply need not fluctuate widely and randomly from family to year as it does in many agricultural markets.OPEC countries supply a significant proportion of total world output.Because non-OPEC producers tend to produce at upper limit capacity, countries such as USA and the UK are unable to exert downward pressure on oil priceseven if they wanted to.In real terms, oil prices today are little different from those at the start of the 70s. OPEC countries increased their revenues substantially in the mid-1970s and again in 1979-80 but these were short-lived gains. OPEC suffers from three fundamental weaknesses1) Large increases in oil prices in the 1970s led to stagnant demand for until the mid 1980s. Consumers substituted other types of energy for oil, there was a trip towards much greater energy conservation.2) Large increases in oil prices led to a large increase in supply from non-OPEC countries. The increase in supply has depressed world prices since the start of the 1980s. Hence, OPEC receiving a lower turnover as a result.3) The increase in non-OPEC supply has led to strains amongst OPEC members. In any cartel there is an incentive to cheat. However, if countries cheat, then the price will fall rapidly. This occurred in the mid-1980s, when many OPEC countries exceeded their quotas, driving down the prices of oil. Which again would have an adverse effect upon profits made by OPEC countries.To conclude, I believe that OPEC has suffered many problems associated with being a cartel. As a result I believe OPEC will not advance to be a successful cartel due to individual countries cheating in order to gain extra profits (as mentioned previously). There is also the effect of OPEC being able to maintain high levels of profit only on a s hort term basis, until free market forces take effect and these profits once again return to normal. It must also be mentioned that the increase in supply from non-OPEC members has also created a downward pressure effect upon prices, and then decreasing OPECs control on prices. Hence, profit margins being damaged.The future for OPEC may well see more adverse effects occurring. As the problem of oil being a scarce resource becomes present, free market sources will look towards a substitute for oil. This may well see the demand for oil decreasing in the long term. Once again this will lead to OPEC losing itscompetitiveness as a cartel.

Kapampangan Writers and Authors

Delfin was born to Dionisio Quiboloy and Anastasia Turla on July 23, 1911 in Santa Catalina, Lubao, Pampanga, Filipinos where one of the oldest Catholic churches in the Philippines was initially built. He attended domain schools in his hometown during the same decade when famous Lubenians like President Diosdado P. Macapagal and Senator Rogelio de la Rosa were also pursuing their elementary school nurture. Delfin started his teaching life story afterwards he earned his Elementary Teacher Certificate and Bachelor of Science degree in Education from National University in Manila, Philippines.He married the spring Africa V. Paule on January 10, 1935 and their happy marriage produced a dozen children who all grew up to become successful professionals and respectable citizens. After many years of service in the teaching profession as a school principal, Delfin and his wife migrated to the USA to join most of their children who made the land of opportunity as a morsel home. At the ti me of Delfins death, he was survived by eleven of his and Africas twelve children namely, Celia Q. Flores, Liberty Q. Singian, Estrella Q. Bognot, Dante Quiboloy, Alice Q. Singian, Daisy Q. Bautista, Delfin Quiboloy, Jr. , Nestor Quiboloy, Agnes Q. Japlit, Florante Quiboloy and Manuel Luis Quiboloy. His wife, Africa Paule Quiboloy died on March 7, 1986 and his second eldest daughter, Amelia Q. Cruz passed away on August 2, 1998. Despite of a busy schedule as the breadwinner of the family and patriarch of the Quiboloy clan, Delfin was a prolific husband and a very productive poet laureate, playwright, educator and a leader among his peers. His literary achievements included several awards, medals and trophies.His crowning glory was on March 1, 1969 when he was honored by the president of United Poet Laureates International, Dr. Amado Yuzon in credit of Delfins contribution to World Poetry in general and Kapampangan Poetry in particular. His Indung Kapampangan (Mother Pampanga) won th e 1st Prize in the Pampango Writing Contest on February 13, 1981 in connection with the celebration of Pampanga Day sponsored by the Province of Pampanga under the leadership of Governor and Solicitor General Estelito Mendoza.Delfin was one of the founding members of Aguman Ding Talasulat Kapampangan in 1964 and he was elected as the organizations president in June 1977. Through the assistance of the late Senate President Gil J. Puyat, he launched the annual Don Gonzalo Puyat Memorial Awards for Pampango Literature in 1978. Delfin wrote more(prenominal) than two hundred songs, novels, and dramas. A few of the zarzuelas he wrote are Ing Tagumpe ning Katutwan (The Triumph of Truth) Ganid (A Cruel Person) Sintat Balen (Love and Country) Aus Ning Laman (Call of the Flesh) Angga Banwa (Till Eternity) and Malagung Ubingan (Beautiful Traitor).Together with another poet laureate, Jose M. Gallardo, Delfin published a masterpiece called Kuriro at Kawatasan in the early eighties. Kawatasan n ang Delfin T. Quiboloy, a compilation of some of Delfins favorite poems, includes Iyas King Balas Indung Kapampangan Pamibule-bule Ibpa King Penganak Penganak King Ibpa Ketang Milabas Poeta, Nanu Ka? Dalit Babo Ning Damulag Bisa Kung Dalit Pa Katandanan Katapatan Musika, Kayupaya Mo. Ing Lugud Ku, Ngamo.? Pamana Tagulele Ning Ulila Nanu Ya Ing Sinta? Ing Diwa Ku Manyabi Ya. Salamin Ning Napun Ibpa Ko. Maki-lulu Ka King Aldo. Tatanam Na Naman. Sangkan and Ing Poeta. (Andro S. Camiling 03/19/01 Zoilo S. Hilario (June 27, 1892- June 13, 1963) born(p) in San Fernando, Pampanga on June 27, 1892, he was the son of Tiburcio Hilario, a lawyer and revolutionary governor of Pampanga during the First Republic, by his second marriage to Aduana Sangalang.He obtained his early education in his hometown under local teachers Hilarion Caniza and Modesto Joaquin. For his higher studies, he went to Manila. He enrolled at the Liceo de Manila where he genuine his bachiller en artes degree, an d then at the Escuela de Derecho, where he received his bachelor of laws degree in 1911. He was admitted to the bar in 1912. While practicing his profession in his hometown, he contributed to and, later, edited the provincial papers published in Spanish, namely El Imparcial and El Paladin.Some of his poems appeared in La Vanguardia, El Ideal, and Comalidacion Nacional. His beginning(a) volume of poetry were in Spanish Adelfas Patria y Redencion, Ilustre Variones, and Himnos y Arengas. In 1917, upon delivering Alma Espanola, he was acclaimed poet-laureate in Spanish and even engaged Manuel Bernabe, his friend, in a poetical joust I 1932 in Pampanga. A year later, in 1918, when his poem Ing Babai, was awarded a prize, he was acclaimed also as poet-laureate in Kapampangan. Hilario was not only a poet but a dramatist as well.He wrote the plays, Mumunang Sinta (First Love), Sampagang E Malalanat (Unfading Flower), Bandila Ning Filipinas (Flag of the Philippines), Juan de la Cruz, Anak n ing Katipunan (Child of the Katipunan), Ing Mapamatubu (The Loan Shark), El Sonado Ibarra (Visionary Ibarra, and Reyna Ning Malasya. An active and innovative civic leader, Hilario organized Maka-Dyos, Maka-Tau, MakaBatas, Katipunan Mapanampun, Rosacris (Reverenciadores del Orden social Altamente Cristiana), Akademyang Kapampangan, Laborantes Civico, Pampanga Historical Association, Boni Cives, Romanceros Nacionales, and Liga Pampanguena.He was also an active member of Fernando Ma. Guerreros Jardin de Epicuro. His political career started when he was elected to the municipal council of San Fernando. He served as secretary of the provincial board from 1915 until 1931, when he was elected to the House of Representatives (he was chosen the valedictorian of the House). He authored the first tenancy law. He was co-author of the laws on woman suffrage and the observance of National heroes Day, the law creating the Philippine Charity sweepstakes, and a number of laws for the benefit of the fight class.In 1932, he was selected as one of the 15 leading legislators of the country during the Ninth Legislature and, in 1933, the Congressional Press Club voted him one of the decade Outstanding Congressmen. His political activities never prevented him from continuing his literary interests. At one time, on April 27, 1932, he engaged Manuel Bernabe in a poetical joust in San Fernando. After he was defeated in the next general elections, he engaged once more in the practice of law. In 1938, however, President Manuel L. Quezon ordained him as one of the first members of the National Language Institute, to represent the Kapampangan speakers. He served in this position until the end of 1941. In 1947, he was appointed judge of the royal court of First Instance in Vigan, Ilocos Sur by President Manuel A. Roxas. In 1954, he was transferred to Tarlac and served as judge until his retirement in 1960. After his retirement, he use his time to the compilation of his Kapampangan work s, and published and edited Batang Aldo (New Day). At the same time, he performed his functions as legal adviser of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo.His last service to the government was his appointment to the Philippine Historical Commission by President Diosdado Macapagal in 1962. He died of heart failure on June 13, 1963 and was buried in San Fernando, Pampanga. He was survived by his wife, Trinidad Velasquez, and children Rafaelita H. Soriano, Evangelina H. Lacson, Tiburcio and Ulysses. On June 27, 1982, on his 90th birth anniversary, the National Historical Institute, the Province of Pampanga, and the municipalities of San Fernando and Bacolor paid tribute to Hilario by unveiling a memorial bust and historical marker in his honor.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and Assets

ACC201 STUDY GUIDE for TEST ONE (Chapters 1, 2, 3) Test 1 testament consist of 50-60 of the questions below. (Finding the answers to these questions is part of the review) True or False 1. Owners uprightness represents the amount of assets that can be claimed by imputeors. 2. The right-hand side of an score is always the increase side. 3. A ledger is a chronological show of a cables doings. 4. The chart of accounts proves that all legal proceeding were correctly journalized and posted. 5. In accrual-basis of score, revenues be recorded when a service is performed. . Current liabilities ar expected to be paid off or eliminated in the next 12 months. pic 7. Each clip a pedigree records revenue the account Cash is increased. 8. Accumulated dispraise of an asset its depreciation expense = book value. 9. fiscal accounting provides knowledge for people inside the family while managerial accounting focuses on development for people outside the company. 10. Every adjusting entry affects one account on the income statement and one account on the vestibular sense sheet. 11. Financial statements will be inaccurate if they are prepared before the djusting entries are completed. 12. The true ratio is calculated by dividing the Total Assets by Total Liabilities. 13. During the closing process, ALL revenue and expense accounts are closed. 14. Liquidity is a measure of how quickly an asset can be converted into hard bullion. 15. revenue enhancements and expenses are also classified as current or long-term on a classified Income asseveration. 16. Cash-basis accounting results in a more accurate measurement of discharge income than does the accrual basis of accounting. 17. Financial statements will be inaccurate if they are prepared before the adjusting entries are completed. 8. Risk is the amount of uncertainty about the authorize we expect to earn in the future. 19. Accounting records are also referred to as the books. 20. Source documents provide ev idence of business transactions and are the basis for accounting entries. 21. As prepaid expenses are used up, the costs of these assets become expenses 22. An account balance is the difference between the debits and credits for an account including any beginning balance. 23. The debt ratio reflects the risk of a company to two its owners and creditors. 24.The higher the debt ratio, the higher risk of a company not being able to meet its obligations. 25. The debt ratio is calculated by dividing follow assets by full(a) liabilities. 26. A company that finances a relatively large portion of its assets with liabilities is said to leave a high degree of financial leverage. 27. If a company is highly leveraged, this means that it has relatively low risk of not being able to re impart its debt. 28. A companys fiscal year must condition with the calendar year. 29. Adjusting entries are do after the preparation of financial statements. 30.Current assets and current liabilities are ex pected to be used up or come out-of-pocket within one year or the companys operating cycle whichever is longer. 31. For a corporation, the loveliness section is split up into two main accounts Common Stock and retain Earnings. 32. Profit margin can also be called return on sales. 33. The Income Summary account is closed to the contain earnings account. 34. The primary objective of financial accounting is A. To serve the decision-making needs of internal users B. To provide financial statements to help external users analyze and interpret an organizations activities C.To monitor and control company activities D. To provide information on both the costs and benefits of managing products and services 35. A corporation A. Is a legal entity separate and distinct from its owners B. Must have many owners C. Has shareholders who have unfathomable liability for the acts of the corporation D. Does not have to pay taxes 36. pass Income A. Decreases faithfulness B. Equals assets minus l iabilities C. Is the excess of revenues over expenses D. Represents the owners claims against assets 37. Return on assets is A. Also called rate of return B.Computed by dividing net income by beginning assets plus ending assets divided by two C. Computed by multiplying net income by total assets D. Used in helping evaluate expenses 38. Risk is A. Net income divided by average total assets B. The reward for investment C. The uncertainty about the expected return that will be earned from an investment D. Unrelated to expected return 39. The statement of retained earnings A. Reports how retained earnings changes at a point in time B. Reports how retained earnings changes over a period of time C.Reports on coin flows for operating, financing and investing activities over a period of time D. Reports on amounts for assets, liabilities and equity at a point in time 40. A written promise to pay a definite sum of bullion on a specific future picture is a(n) A. honorary revenue B. extens ion account C. Note payable D. Account receivable 41. On folk 30, the Cash account of Value Company had a normal balance of $5,000. During September, the account was debited for a total of $12,200 and credited for a total of $11,500. What was the balance in the Cash account at the beginning of September? A. $4,300 debit balance B. a $4,300 credit balance C. a $5,700 debit balance D. a $5,700 credit balance 42. The Fireside Country Inn is a very popular destination for tourists. The Inn requires guests to suffice reservations at least two months in fire of their stay. A twenty percent down payment is required at the time the reservation is made. When should this inn recognize room rental revenue? A. On the date the reservation is received B. On the date the money for the reservation is received C. On the date the guests stay in the inn D. On the date the guests pay the remaining eighty percent due 3. Stride Rite has total assets of $425 million. Its total liabilities are $110 mil lion. Its equity is $315 million. Calculate the debt ratio. A. 38. 6% B. 13. 4% C. 34. 9% D. 25. 9% 44. Listed below are two pieces of information. Where is the best place to locate this information, in the journal or the ledger? Details of a transaction which took place on October 3rd All of the sales activity which took place during the current month A. 1. daybook 2. Journal B. 1. Journal 2. Ledger C. 1. Ledger 2. Journal D. This information is only available on the financial statements 5. Interim financial statements refer to financial reports A. That cover less than one year, usually spanning one, three or six-month periods B. That are prepared before any adjustments have been recorded C. That show the assets above the liabilities and the liabilities above the equity D. Where revenues are reported on the income statement when cash is received and expenses are reported when cash is paid 46. Profit margin is defined as A. Revenues divided by net sales B. Net income divided by net sales C. Net income divided by assets D.Assets divided by net sale 47. A company earned $2,000 in net income for October. Its net sales for October were $10,000. Its profit margin is A. 2% B. 20% C. 200% D. 500% 48. Which of these shows a companys financial position as of a specific date? A. Income StatementC. Statement of Owners Equity B. Balance Sheet D. Chart of Accounts 49. GAAP stands for A. generally accepted auditing practices B. generally accrued auditing procedures C. generally accrued accounting principles D. generally accepted accounting principles 50. Liabilities are xpenses incurred by the business increases in owners equity earned by delivering goods or services economic resources of a business creditors claims to the businesss assets 51. Which of these have a remaining balance after the closing process is completed ? A. service revenueC. accumulated depreciation. B withdrawalsD. depreciation expense. 52. A $250 payment on account was recorded as a debit to accounts r eceivable and a credit to accounts payable. This error will cause A. owners equity to be overstated B. accounts payable to be understated C. ash to be understated D. accounts receivable to be overstated 53. Receiving a payment from a customer on account would A. have no effect on total assets or owners equity B. increase net income and decrease liabilities C. increase both assets and owners equity D. decrease liabilities and increase owners equity 54. The entry for depreciation has what effect on the financial statements A. increases expenses and decreases assets B. decreases net income and increases assets C. increases assets and decreases liabilities D. decreases assets and increases liabilities 5. Equipment with a cost of $120,000 has a useful liveliness of 4 years and no unbosom value. Using straight-line depreciation, what is the book value after 1 year? A. $28,750C. $103,000 B. $86,250 D. $ 38,333 56. The balance in accumulated depreciation after adjustment represents A. a contra liability on the balance sheet B. a contra asset on the balance sheet C. a liability on the balance sheet D. a contra account on the income statement 57. A list of all of the accounts (without balances) used by a business is called A. trial BalanceC. account master B. hart of accountsD. adjusted trial balance 58. Which of these shows results of a companys operations over a period of time? A. income statementC. statement of owners equity B. balance sheetD. chart of accounts 59. These typefaces of accounts reckon on the Income Statement? A. assets and liabilities. C. all owners equity accounts B. revenues, expensesD. all accounts of a business appear 60. These types of accounts appear on the Balance Sheet? A. assets and liabilities. C. all owners equity accounts B. revenues, expensesD. ll accounts of a business appear 61. If Assets = $150,000 and Liabilities = $60,000, Owners Equity = _____________. a) $ 240,000 c) $ 150,000 b) $ 90,000 d) $ 210,000 62. A business bought la nd paying $100,000 (paying $25,000 cash and owing $75,000). The land had an asking price of $115,00 and an appraised value of $125,000. What amount should the business use to record the purchase in the accounting books. a) $ 25,000 c) $ 115,000 b) $ 100,000 d) $ 125,000 63. In May a business had Revenue of $15,000, Accounts Receivable of $25,000 Liabilities of $8,000 Expenses of $11,000 and a balance in the Cash account of $5,000. The Net Income (or net loss) for May was _______________. a) $ 64,000 c) $ 11,000 b) $ 16,000 d) $ 4,000 4. Company buys Supplies paying $500 in Cash. Company buys more Supplies for $1,000, on account. Company pays $500 of the amount it owes for supplies. The balance in the Supplies account is a. $ 500 c. $ 1,500 b. $ 1,000 d. $ 2,000 65. The accounting term that refers to copying transaction information from the journal to the ledger is termed a. increase c. ebit b. decrease d. credit 66. Unearned revenue is always a(n) ______________ type of account a) revenue. c) owners equity. b) contra-revenue. d) liability. 67. Accrued expenses are expenses that have a) been paid. c) not been paid nor incurred b) been incurred and paid. d) not been paid but incurred 68. Accrued revenue is which of the following? a) Revenue that has been earned and collected. b) Revenue that has been collected but not yet earned. c) Revenue that has been earned but not yet collected. d) Revenue that has not been collected or earned. 69. On a classified balance sheet, assets that are expected to be converted to cash, sold, or consumed during the next 12 months are referred to as A. current assets. C. leveraged assets. B. market assets. D. liquid assets. 70. What accounts whitethorn have balances (that are not -0-), on a post-closing trial balance? A. assets, liabilities & revenues. C. revenues, expenses & capital B. ssets, liabilities & expenses D. assets, liabilities & capital 71. Which of these would have no effect on TOTAL assets or TOT AL liabilities? a) payment of a liability c) buying supplies on account b) payment of an expense d) buying supplies and paying cash 72. The accountant for BobCo did not make any adjusting entry for depreciation expense. What is the effect of this error on TOTAL liabilities? a) liabilities are understated c) liabilities are overstated b) liabilities are not affected d) I dont have a clue 73. Buying a $300,000 building by signing a $300,000 note payable results in a) owners equity increasing. c) no change to owners equity. b) owners equity decreasing. d) no clue on this one either 74. The Matching Principle directs accountants to a) match total debits to the total credits. b) match Assets to the (Liabilities Owners Equity). c) match expenses against revenues of the period. d) once again, I have no clue 75. A $75 payment for Rent Expense was mistakenly posted as a debit to Supply Expense (the credit was correct). What is the impact on the Trial Balance a) the credit total is off by $75. b) the debit total is off by $75. c) no impact on the Trial Balance d) nothing has changed no clue 76. If a company is development the accrual system of accounting, when is revenue recorded? a) when cash is received, regardless of when the work is done. b) when the work, or services are begun. c) when the work, or services are completed. d) when the expenses to pay for the job, or services, are incurred. 77. Assets are __________________________________________________________ 78. Liabilities are _______________________________________________________ 79. Equity is ____________________________________________________________ 80. Revenues are_________________________________________________________ 81. Expenses are _________________________________________________________ 82. How do you INCREASE these accounts by a DR (debit) or a CR (credit) ? ______ Assets ______ Expenses ______ Revenues _____ Liabilities ______ Capital ______ Withdrawals Unearned Accumulated ______ Revenue ______ dispraise 83. Indicate whether these accounts appears on the IS (Income Statement only), the BS (Balance Sheet only) or BOTH (Income Statement and Balance Sheet) ______ Cash ______ Furniture ______ Revenue ______ Supply ______ Accounts ______ Accounts Expense collectible Receivable Unearned Interest _____ Revenue ______ Revenue Definitions matching 84. cost of assets or services used up or consumed to generate revenues. They decrease retained earnings. 85. resources generated from a companys earnings activities. They increase retained earnings. . 86. Assets = Liabilities + Equity 87. the result when revenues are larger than expenses. 88. A company records the expenses incurred to generate the revenues reported. 89. Every business is accounted for separately from its owner or owners. Revenues LiabilitiesEquity ExpensesNet IncomeGAAP Net Loss AssetsAccounting equation 90.A list of all ledger accounts and includes an acknowledgment number assigned to each acc ount (does not include account balances). 91. A record of increases and decreases in a specific asset, liability, equity, revenue or expense item. 92. The accounting book of original entry where transactions are first recorded in a chronological order. Identifies and describes transactions and events entering the accounting process (either in hard copy or electronic form). 93. A record containing all accounts used by a company, a collection of all accounts and their balances. Post from the journal to the __________. 4. A list of accounts, and their account identification numbers, (without any dollar amounts or balances) that may be used by a company. 95. The process of transferring journal entry information to the ledger. A. Debit F. Chart of Accounts B. Credit G. Trial balance C. Account H. Ledger (general ledger) D. Posting I. Source documents E. Journal J. Account Balance 6. a method or technique of accounting that recognizes revenues when cash is received and records expens es when cash is paid. 97. this is a list of accounts and balances prepared after adjustments (adjusting entries) are recorded. 98. this is the process of allocating the costs of these (plant) assets over their expected useful life. 99. these are costs that are incurred in a period but are both unpaid and unrecorded. 100. an account linked with another account, it has an diametrical normal balance, and is reported as a subtraction from the other (linked) accounts balance 01. this refers to revenues earned in a period that are both unrecorded and not yet received in cash (or other assets) A. Accrued Expenses F. Contra Account B. Accrued Revenue G. Cash Basis Accounting C. disparagement H. Unearned (deferred) Revenue D. Adjusting Entry I.Prepaid (deferred) Expenses E. Adjusted Trial Balance J. Matching Principle (expense recognition) Journal Entries 102. Bill starts a business by investing $10,000 cash in the business. 103. The business completes work for a customer and collect s $1,000 from him. 104. The business receives this months phone bill in the amount of $ 100. The business will pay the bill NEXT month. 105. The business does work for a Customer and sends Joe a bill for $ 750. 106.On Jan 1, BobCo received $3,000 from a customer to provide landscape services for Jan, Feb and Mar. (BobCo made the correct entry on Jan 1 to record the receipt of the Cash). Prepare BobCos adjusting entry for JAN 31 107. BobCo pays Salaries of $5,000 per week. Mon, Tues, Wed are in JAN while Thurs and Fri give-up the ghost into FEB. Prepare the adjusting entry as of JAN 31 108. A machine was purchased for $24,000 on JAN 1. Its estimated useful life is 48 months. Prepare the entry for depreciation on JAN 31. 109. In JAN, interest revenue of $100 has been earned but not yet received. It will be received in MAY). Prepare the adjusting entry for JAN 31. 110. On JAN 1 the Supplies account balance was $3,000. On JAN 31 there were $ 1,000 of Supplies remaining (unused). Prepar e the adjusting entry for JAN 31 111. On JAN 1 BobCo bought $500 in Supplies on account. On JAN 31 only $200 of the Supplies remain. Prepare the adjusting entry. 112. On JAN 1 BobCo. paid, in advance, $3,000 for 6 months of Insurance (Jan thru June) Prepare the adjusting entry for JAN 31. ONE MORE PAGE On the next page, IF you close ONLY the correct accounts, you will receive one bonus points. Adjusted Trial Balance Debits Credits Cash $ 15,000 Accounts Receivable $ 6,000 Unearned Revenue $ 1,000 Accounts Payable $ 2,500 Sales Revenue $ 11,000 Depreciation Expense $ 2,000 Rent Expense $ 500 Withdraws $ 1,000 Capital $ 10,000 Note Prepare the closing journal entries using whatever data above that you need.

Indian Mathematicians And Their Contributions Essay

RamanujanHe was innate(p)(p) on 22na of December 1887 in a small village of Tanjore district, Madras. He failed in slope in Intermediate, so his formal studies were stopped but his self-study of mathematics continued. He sent a sterilise of 120 theorems to Professor Hardy of Cambridge. As a result he invited Ramanujan to England. Ramanujan showed that any tumid bout can be written as sum of not more than four prime itemises.He showed that how to divide the number into two or more squares or cubes. when Mr Litlewood came to see Ramanujan in taxi number 1729, Ramanujan said that 1729 is the smallest number which can be written in the form of sum of cubes of two total in two ways, i.e. 1729 = 93 + 103 = 13 + 123 since then the number 1729 is called Ramanujans number. In the third blow B.C, Archimedes noted that the ratio of circumference of a circle to its diameter is constant.The ratio is now called pi ( ) (the sixteenth letter in the Greek alphabet series) The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used numbers as big as 1053 with specific names as early as 5000 B.C. during the Vedic period.ARYABHATAAryabhatta was born in 476A.D in Kusumpur, India. He was the first person to say that Earth is spherical and it revolves around the sun. He gave the formula (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab He taught the method of solving the following problemsBRAHMAGUPTABrahma Gupta was born in 598A.D in Pakistan. He gave four methods of multiplication. He gave the following formula, used in G.P series a + ar + ar2 + ar3 +.. + arn-1 = (arn-1) (r 1) He gave the following formulae Area of a cyclic quadrilateral with side a, b, c, d= (s -a)(s- b)(s -c)(s- d) where 2s = a + b + c + d Length of its diagonals =SHAKUNTALA DEVIShe was born in 1939 In 1980, she gave the product of two, thirteen digit numbers within 28 seconds, many countries substantiate invited her to demonstrate her extraordinary talent. In Dallas she competed with a computer to see who give the cube root of 188138517 faster, she won. At university of USA she was asked to give the 23rd root of 91674867692003915809866092758538016248310668014430862240712651642793465704086709659 32792057674808067900227830163549248523803357453169351119035965775473400756818688305 620821016129132845564895780158806771. She answered in 50seconds. The answer is 546372891. It took a UNIVAC 1108 computer, full one split second (10 seconds more) to confirm that she was right after it was fed with 13000 instructions. Now she is known to be Human Computer.BHASKARACHARYAHe was born in a village of Mysore district. He was the first to give that any number divided by 0 gives infinity (00). He has written a lot about zero, surds, permutation and combination. He wrote, The one-hundredth part of the circumference of a circle seems to be straight. Our earth is a big sphere and thats why it appears to be flat. He gave the formulae like sin(A B) = sinA.cosB cosA.sinB

Macbeth Monologue

Monologue The witches were congress the truth. I was shocked when they give tongue to I was the thane of Cawdor I thought it was just lies. besides now black Angus and Ross told me officially that I am the thane of Cawdor. Wow this is a huge honor, a new title the thane of Glamis and Cowder. But what did he do? Thats right he is a traitor. But why have I taken his position? What have I done to disserve this title? Indeed I fought in the mesh but so did countless others.What sets me apart from those courageous souls fighting alongside me? Witches actually exist? fast one is around us? If they are truly all powerful, perhaps they deserve this title more than I do. But they are ugly I have to vocalize honestly. Is it weird that they knew who I am? Thats right they are witches after all. One of them did say something which I think I heard wrong, she said al all hail Macbeth-that shalt be king hereafter but what will the king do wrong, he is the king after all, a noble king.Im sure they are mistaken he is a wonderful ruler and a great role model. Aha They must not be witches, I am not of royal descent, so I am not able to claim the Kings thrown. here(predicate)s my guess, they were lucky, or perhaps they are not supernatural but supernaturally smart. So puckish and fair a day I have not seen. I refuse to believe what they say because they are just imperfect speakers. By sinels death I live on I am thane of Glamous and know thane of Cowdor

Comparative Analysis of Private, Public Banks

Ibmr study on impact of applied science on client implys in trusting NAYANA SHREE N S MBA FINANCE couch on study on impact of technology on guest needs in vernacularing SEMESTER IV SUBMITTED BY NAYANA SHREE N S ROLL NO. IBMR COLLEGE IBMR COLLEGE Address CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Nayana Shree N S of MBA FINANCE Semester IV 2012-13 has succeeder dep removecapabley completed the project on Project on study on impact of technology on customer needs in swearing chthonian the guidance of Mrs. Bickram . Course Co-ordinatorPrincipalProject go on/ Internal Examiner External Examiner DECLARATION I Nayana Shree N S the student of MBA birth Semester IV 2012-13 hereby declargon that I take completed the project on Project on study on impact of technology on customer needs in chamfering. The in initialiseion submitted is truthful and pilot film to the best of my know takege. Signature Nayana Shree N S Roll No. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT M whatever citizenry have played a part i n making this project study a achiever by endowment their valuable inputs and affairful suggestions. startingly I would express my gratitude to the University Of Mysore for providing me the opportunity to study the practical aspects of affirming and insurance. I am thankful to the principal Mrs. xxxxxxx for giving me an opportunity to work on this project. I am as close thankful to our co-ordinator Mrs. xxxxxx for her immeasurable encouragement and support. I am in like manner particularly g ordainful to my project go by xxxxx for extending his support and period. INDEX Chapter No. Titles Pg. No. 1 Introduction 1-7 2 Role Of Technology 8 3 E-Banking 9-12 somaal Signatures 13-15 5 neb Skimming 16 6 belief Cards 17-20 7 busy Banking 21-23 8 electronic pecuniary resource Transfer 24-26 9 Debit Cards 27-33 10 band Banking 34-35 11 Uses Of breeding Technology In Banks 36-39 12 Technology Vision 2020 40-44 13 Pre move take aim of Computerization 45-46 14 Advantages of Technology 47-48 15 Disadvantages of Technology 49-50 16 Nature and Change in Banking 51-53 17 Issues and Ch in allenges 54 18 Countermeasures to Frauds 55-58 19 Conclusion 59 20 Bibliography 60 INTRODUCTIONIn the five decades since independence, relying in India has evolved done with(predicate) four distinct points. During Fourth signifier, also diagno essayd as Reform Phase, Recommendations of the Narasimham Committee (1991) paved the expression for the ameliorate phase in the banking. Important initiatives with regard to the reform of the banking brass were taken in this phase. Important among these have been introduction of spick-and-span revealing and prudential norms relating to income recognition, provisioning and hood adequacy, deregulation of divert rates & easing of norms for entrance in the field of banking.En show of new banks resolutenessed in a paradigm shift in the styles of banking in India. The growing competition, growing expectations led to incr eased aw atomic build 18ness amongst banks on the role and importance of technology in banking. The arrival of foreign and private banks with their superior state-of-the-art technology- ground function pushed Indian Banks also to follow fit by going in for the latest technologies so as to meet the threat of competition and obligate their customer base. Indian banking industry, today is in the midst of an IT revolution.A combination of regulatory and competitive reasons have led to increasing importance of total banking automation in the Indian Banking Industry. selective info Technology has basically been utilize nether both diverse avenues in Banking. One is Communication and Connectivity and oppositewise is calling Process Reengineering. Information technology enables sophisticated reaping development, better grocery infrastructure, implementation of re liable(p) techniques for control of risks and upholds the fiscal intermediaries to distri scarcee geographically distant and diversified markets.In view of this, technology has changed the contours of three study functions performed by banks, i. e. , access to liquidity, duty consummation of as sits and observe of risks. Further, Information technology and the communication interlocking g everyplacenances have a crucial bearing on the strength of money, capital and foreign exchange markets. The Softw ar Packages for Banking Applications in India had their beginnings in the middle of 80s, when the Banks started computerizing the branches in a hold in manner.The early 90s saw the plummeting hardw ar prices and advent of cheap and inexpensive but high-powered PCs and servers and banks went in for what was called derive Branch Automation (TBA) Packages. The middle and late 90s witnessed the tornado of financial reforms, deregulation, globalization etcetera coupled with fast revolution in communication technologies and evolution of novel concept of convergence of computer and communicat ion technologies, like profits, expeditious / cell addresss etc. MILESTONESIn India, banks as well as separatewise financial entities entered the world of information technology and with Indian Financial Net (INFINET). INFINET, a wide argona satellite base network (WAN) victimization VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminals) technology, was jointly set up by the Reserve Bank and Institute for Development and seek in Banking Technology (IDRBT) in June 1999. The Indian Financial Network (INFINET) which initially comprised hardly the public welkin banks was extended up for participation by other categories of members.The introductory set of applications that could arrive at greatly from the social occasion of technological advances in the computer and communications bea relate to the Payment arrangements which form the lifeline of every banking action. The process of reforms in retribution and gag law systems has gained momentum with the implementation of projects much( prenominal)(prenominal) as NDS ((Negotiated Dealing System), CFMS (Centralised coin Management System) for better silver management by banks and SFMS (Structured Financial Messaging Solution) for touch on cognitive content expatriation.This would result in immediate payment in hand exaltations and lines- relate pass transfer to be routed electronically crosswise banks utilise the moderate of the INFINET. Negotiated achievement system (NDS), which has become opeproportionnal since February 2002 and RTGS (Real Time Gross Settlement system) scheduled towards the end of 2003 ar other major developments in the area. Internet has signifi dis drifttly influenced legal transfer television channel of the banks. Internet has emerged as an important specialty for pitch of banking products & services.Detailed guidelines of RBI for Internet Banking has prepared the necessary ground for growth of Internet Banking in India. The Information Technology Act, 2000 has given legal re cognition to creation, trans-mission and retention of an electronic (or magnetic) info to be treated as binding proof in a court of law, except in those areas, which keep up to be g everywherened by the provisions of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881.As stated in RBIs Annual Monetary and recognition Policy 2002-2003 To reap the near benefits of much(prenominal) electronic pass along transfers, it is necessary that banks bestow sufficient circumspection on the computerization and networking of the branches situated at commercial messagely important centers on a clipping-bound basis. Intra-city and intra-bank networking would facilitate in addressing the lastly mile paradox which would in turn result in quick and efficient property transfers across the country. carrying into action of Centralized Funds Management SystemThe centralized funds management system (CFMS) countenances for a centralized think of relief positions of the cipher bearers across different c ompositions maintained at various locations of RBI. turn the first phase of the system covering the centralized funds enquiry system (CFES) has been made gettable to the routiners, the second phase comprising the centralized funds transfer system (CFTS) would be made available by the middle of 2003. So far, 54 banks have implemented the system at their treasuries/funds management branches.Certification and Digital Signatures The mid-term Review of October 2002 indicated the need for information gage on the network and the determination of public key infrastructure (PKI) by banks. The controller of Certifying Authorities, Government of India, have approved the Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT) as a Certification Authority (CA) for digital touchs. Consequently, the process of setting up of registration authorities (RA) under the CA has commenced at various banks.In attachment to the negotiated dealing system (NDS), the electronic clearing ser vice (ECS) and electronic funds transfer (EFT) are also world enhanced in terms of security by mode of implementation of PKI and digital feelings using the facilities offered by the CA. Committee on Payment Systems In order to go out the entire gamut of the process of reforms in defrayment and cloture systems which would be culminating with the real time stark(a) dependency (RTGS) system, a Committee on Payment Systems (Chairman Dr. R. H.Patil) was set up in 2002. The Committee, after examining the various aspects relating to honorarium and settlement systems, submitted its report in September 2002 along with a draft Payment Systems agitate. The draft Bill provides, inter alia, a legal basis for netting, apart from empowering RBI to have regulatory and oversight powers over defrayment and settlement systems of the country. The report of the Committee was put on the RBI website for wider dissemination. The draft Bill has been forwarded to the Government. Multi-application flip CardsRecognizing the need for technology establish fee products and the growing importance of smart vizor based payment flows, a pilot project for multi-application smart postings in conjunction with a few banks and vendors, under the aegis of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India, has been initiated. The project is aimed at the formulation of standards for multi-application smart tantalises on the basis of inter-operable systems and technological components of the entire system. Special electronic Funds TransferAs indicated in the mid-term Review of October 2002, national EFT (NEFT) is being introduced using the backbone of the structured financial messaging system (SFMS) of the IDRBT. NEFT would provide for movement of electronic transfer of funds in a safe, secure and quick manner across branches of any bank to any other bank through a central gateway of each bank, with the inter-bank settlement being completed in the books of p osting of banks maintained at RBI. Since this scheme requires connectivity across a large number of branches at umteen cities, a special EFT (SEFT) was introduced in April 2003 covering about 3000 branches in 500 cities.This has facilitated same day transfer of funds across papers of constituents at all these branches. National Settlement System (NSS) The clearing and settlement activities are dispersed through 1,047 clearing houses managed by RBI, the State Bank of India and its associates, public vault of heaven banks and other excogitations. In order to facilitate banks to have better control over their funds, it is proposed to introduce national settlement system (NSS) in a phased manner. Real Time Gross Settlement System (RTGS) As indicated in the mid-term Review of October 2002, development of the various software modules for the RTGS system is in progress.The initial set of modules is expected to be delivered by June 2003 for members to conduct tests and familiarisation e xercises. The live run of RTGS is scheduled towards the end of 2003. Reporting of Call/Notice cash Market doings on NDS Platform Negotiated dealing system (NDS), which has become operational since February 2002, enables on-line dealing and dissemination of trade information relating to instruments in money, government securities and foreign exchange markets. Membership in NDS is open to all institutions which are members of INFINET and are maintaining subsidiary general ledger (SGL) Account with RBI.These include banks, financial institutions (FIs), immemorial dealers (PDs), insurance companies, mutual funds and any other institution as admitted by RBI. At have, all deals in government securities, call/ nonice/term money, CDs and CP executed among NDS members have to be reported mechanically through NDS, if the deal is make on NDS and inwardly 15 minutes of concluding the deal, if done immaterial NDS. However, it has been observed that a very sizeable proportion of daily call / nonice money market deals is not reported by members on NDS as stipulated.With a view to improving transparency and fortify efficiency in the market, it is proposed that 1. From the fortnight beginning May 3, 2003, it would be mandatory for all NDS members to report all their call/notice money market deals on NDS. Deals done outside NDS should be reported at heart 15 minutes on NDS, irrespective of the size of the deal or whether the counterparty is a member of the NDS or not. 2. Full compliance with the reporting requirement to NDS leave behind be reviewed in September 2003.In trip at that place is repeated non-reporting of deals by an NDS member, it bequeath be considered whether non-reported deals by that member should be treated as in effectual with effect from a upcoming fight. ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY Information Technology has basically been apply under two different avenues in Banking. One is Communication and Connectivity and other is Business Process Reengineering. In formation technology enables sophisticated product development, better market infrastructure, implementation of reliable techniques for control of risks and helps the financial intermediaries to reach geographically distant and diversified markets.In view of this, technology has changed the contours of three major functions performed by banks, i. e. , access to liquidity, transformation of assets and monitoring of risks. Further, Information technology and the communication networking systems have a crucial bearing on the efficiency of money, capital and foreign exchange markets. Internet has signifi standtly influenced delivery channels of the banks. Internet has emerged as an important medium for delivery of banking products services. Detailed guidelines of RBI for Internet Banking has prepared the necessary ground for growth of Internet Banking in India.The Information Technology Act, 2000 has given legal recognition to creation, transmission and retention of an electronic (or m agnetic) data to be treated as valid proof in a court of law, except in those areas, which continue to be governed by the provisions of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. As stated in RBIs Annual Monetary and Credit Policy 2002-2003 To reap the full benefits of such electronic message transfers, it is necessary that banks bestow sufficient attention on the computerisation and networking of the branches situated at commercially important centres on a time-bound basis.Intra-city and intra-bank networking would facilitate in addressing the last mile problem which would in turn result in quick and efficient funds transfers across the country. E-BANKING Online banking (or Internet banking) allows customers to conduct financial transactions on a secure website operated by their sell or virtual bank, creed union or building society. Online banking solutions have many features and capabilities in common, but traditionally also have some(prenominal) that are application specific. The c ommon features fall broadly into several(prenominal) categories Transactional (e. g. , performing a financial transaction such as an musical score to account transfer, paying a vertex, wire transfer, apply for a loan, new account, etc. ) * Payments to third parties, including bill payments and telegraphic/wire transfers * Funds transfers between a customers own transactional account and savings accounts * Investment barter for or sale * impart applications and transactions, such as repayments of enrollments * Non-transactional (e. g. , online narrations, cheque connecters, cobrowsing, chat) * Viewing recent transactions Downloading bank statements , for example in PDF format * Viewing images of pay cheques * Financial Institution Administration * Management of multiple users having varying levels of authority * Transaction approval process Features commonly unique to Internet banking include Personal financial management support, such as importing data into own(prenominal) a ccounting software Some online banking platforms support account assembling to allow the customers to monitor all of their accounts in one place whether they are with their main bank or with other institutions. History of E-BankingThe precursor for the advanced(a) home online banking services were the distance banking services over electronic media from the early 1980s. The term online became pop in the late 80s and referred to the use of a terminal, keyboard and TV (or monitor) to access the banking system using a send for line. Home banking mess also refer to the use of a numeric computer keyboard to send tones down a phone line with book of instructions to the bank. Online services started in newfound York in 1981 when four of the citys major banks (Citibank, Chase Manhattan, Chemical andManufacturers Hanover) offered home banking services1 using the videotex system.Be work of the commercial failure of videotex these banking services never became popular except in France where the use of videotex (Minitel) was subsidised by the telecommunication provider and the UK, where the Prestel system was used. The UKs first home online banking services2 was set up by Bank of Scotland for customers of the Nottingham Building ships companionship (NBS) in 1983. 3 The system used was based on the UKs Prestel system and used a computer, such as the BBC Micro, or keyboard (Tandata Td1400) connected to the telephone system and television set.The system ( cognise as Homelink) allowed on-line viewing of statements, bank transfers and bill payments. In order to make bank transfers and bill payments, a written instruction giving details of the intended recipient had to be sent to the NBS who set the details up on the Homelink system. typical recipients were gas, electricity and telephone companies and accounts with other banks. Details of payments to be made were input into the NBS system by the account holder via Prestel.A cheque was then sent by NBS to the payee an d an advice giving details of the payment was sent to the account holder. BACS was later used to transfer the payment directly. Stanford Federal Credit Union was the first financial institution to offer online internet banking services to all of its members in October 1994. citation needed Today, many banks are internet only banks. distant their predecessors, these internet only banks do not maintain brick and mortar bank branches. Instead, they typically differentiate themselves by fling better interest rates and online banking features.Security Protection through single password authentication, as is the case in just about secure Internet shopping sites, is not considered secure enough for personal online banking applications in some countries. Basically there exist two different security methods for online banking. 1. The wooden leg/TAN system where the sword lily represents a password, used for the login and TANs representing one-time passwords to authenticate transactions. TANs can be distributed in different ways, the most popular one is to send a list of TANs to the online banking user by postal letter.The most secure way of using TANs is to generate them by need using asecurity token. These token generated TANs depend on the time and a unique secret, stored in the security token (this is called two-factor authentication or 2FA). Usually online banking with PIN/TAN is done via a web browser using SSL secured connections, so that there is no additional encoding needed. other way to provide TANs to an online banking user is to send the TAN of the current bank transaction to the users (GSM) expeditious phone via SMS. The SMS text ordinarily quotes the transaction cadence and details, the TAN is only valid for a short period of time.Especially in Germany and Austria, many banks have adopted this SMS TAN service as it is considered very secure. 2. Signature based online banking where all transactions are signed and encrypted digitally. The Keys for the signature generation and encryption can be stored on smart bank bills or any memory medium, depending on the concrete implementation. Attacks Most of the attacks on online banking used today are based on deceiving the user to steal login data and valid TANs. Two well known examples for those attacks are phishing and pharming. Cross-site scripting and keylogger/Trojan horses can also be used to steal login information.A method to attack signature based online banking methods is to manipulate the used software in a way, that correct transactions are shown on the check and faked transactions are signed in the background. A recent FDIC Technology Incident Report, compiled from suspicious activity reports banks file turdly, lists 536 cases of computer intrusion, with an average loss per incident of $30,000. That adds up to a nearly $16-million loss in the second quarter of 2007. Computer intrusions increased by 150 percent between the first quarter of 2007 and the second.In 80 perc ent of the cases, the source of the intrusion is unknown but it occurred during online banking, the report states. The most recent miscellanea of attack is the so-called Man in the Browser attack, where a Trojan horse permits a impertinent attacker to shift the destination account number and also the heart. Countermeasures There exist several countermeasures which try to avoid attacks. Digital certificates are used against phishing and pharming, the use of class-3 bank note readers is a measure to avoid habit of transactions by the software in signature based online banking variants.To protect their systems against Trojan horses, users should use computer virus scanners and be careful with downloaded software or e-mail attachments. DIGITAL SIGNATURES A digital signature or digital signature scheme is a mathematical scheme for demonstrating the authenticity of a digital message or document. A valid digital signature gives a recipient reason to believe that the message was creat ed by a known sender, and that it was not altered in transit. Digital signatures are commonly used for software distribution, financial transactions, and in other cases where it is important to detect forgery or tampering.Digital signatures are oft used to implement electronic signatures, a broader term that refers to any electronic data that carries the intent of a signature, but not all electronic signatures use digital signatures. In some countries, including the get together States, India, and members of the European Union, electronic signatures have legal significance. However, laws concerning electronic signatures do not always make clear whether they are digital cryptanalytic signatures in the sense used here, leaving the legal definition, and so their importance, somewhat confused.Digital signatures work a type of asymmetric cryptography. For messages sent through a nonsecure channel, a properly implemented digital signature gives the receiver reason to believe the messa ge was sent by the claimed sender. Digital signatures are tantamount(predicate) to traditional handwritten signatures in many respects properly implemented digital signatures are more(prenominal) difficult to forge than the handwritten type. Digital signature schemes in the sense used here are cryptographically based, and must be implemented properly to be effective.Digital signatures can also provide non-repudiation, subject matter that the signer cannot successfully claim they did not sign a message, time also claiming their private key remains secret further, some non-repudiation schemes offer a time stamp for the digital signature, so that therefore far if the private key is exposed, the signature is valid nonetheless. Digitally signed messages whitethorn be anything representable as a bitstring examples include electronic mail, contracts, or a message sent via some other cryptographic protocol. A digital signature scheme typically consists of three algorithmic rules 1.A key generation algorithm that selects a private key uniformly at random from a set of potential private keys. The algorithm outputs the private key and a corresponding public key. 2. A signing algorithm that, given a message and a private key, produces a signature. 3. A signature verifying algorithm that, given a message, public key and a signature, either accepts or rejects the messages claim to authenticity. Two main properties are unavoidable. First, a signature generated from a inflexible message and fixed private key should verify the authenticity of that message by using the corresponding public key.Secondly, it should be computationally infeasible to generate a valid signature for a party who does not possess the private key. Uses of digital signatures As organizations move global from paper documents with ink signatures or authenticity stamps, digital signatures can provide added assurances of the evidence to provenance, individuation, and status of an electronic do cument as well as acknowledging informed consent and approval by a signatory. The United States Government Printing Office (GPO) publishes electronic versions of the budget, public and private laws, and congressional bills with digital signatures.Universities including Penn State, University of Chicago, and Stanford are publishing electronic student transcripts with digital signatures. Below are some common reasons for applying a digital signature to communications Authentication Although messages may often include information about the entity sending a message, that information may not be accurate. Digital signatures can be used to authenticate the source of messages. When will power of a digital signature secret key is bound to a specific user, a valid signature shows that the message was sent by that user.The importance of high confidence in sender authenticity is especially obvious in a financial context. For example, suppose a banks branch office sends instructions to the cen tral office requesting a change in the difference of an account. If the central office is not convinced(p) that such a message is truly sent from an authorized source, acting on such a request could be a grave mistake. Integrity In many scenarios, the sender and receiver of a message may have a need for confidence that the message has not been altered during transmission.Although encryption hides the contents of a message, it may be possible to change an encrypted message without understanding it. (Some encryption algorithms, known as nonmalleable ones, prevent this, but others do not. ) However, if a message is digitally signed, any change in the message after signature will invalidate the signature. Furthermore, there is no efficient way to modify a message and its signature to produce a new message with a valid signature, because this is quiet down considered to be computationally infeasible by most cryptographic hash functions (see collision resistance). Digital signatures vs . nk on paper signatures An ink signature can be easily replicated from one document to another(prenominal) by copying the image manually or digitally. Digital signatures cryptographically bind an electronic identity to an electronic document and the digital signature cannot be copied to another document. Paper contracts often have the ink signature block on the last scalawag, and the previous pages may be replaced after a signature is applied. Digital signatures can be applied to an entire document, such that the digital signature on the last page will indicate tampering if any data on any of the pages have been altered. CARD plane Card skimming is the illegal copying of information from the magnetic strip of a credit entry or cash machine tantalise. It is a more direct version of a phishing scam. The scammers try to steal your details so they can access your accounts. Once scammers have skimmed your identity card, they can create a fake or cloned card with your details on it. The scammer is then able to run up charges on your account. Card skimming is also a way for scammers to steal your identity (your personal details) and use it to commit identity fraud. By stealing your personal details and account numbers the scammer may be able to borrow money or take out loans in your name.Warning signs A shop assistant takes your card out of your sight in order to process your transaction. You are asked to swipe your card through more than one machine. You see a shop assistant swipe the card through a different machine to the one you used. You notice something suspicious about the card slot on an ATM (e. g. an link up device). You notice unusual or unauthorised transactions on your account or credit card statement. Protect yourself from card skimming Keep your credit card and ATM card game safe. Do not share your personal identity number (PIN) with anyone. Do not keep any written copy of your PIN with the card. Check your bank account and credit card state ments when you get them. If you see a transaction you cannot explain, report it to your credit union or bank. Choose passwords that would be difficult for anyone else to guess. CREDIT CARDS A credit card is a small plastic card way outd to users as a system of payment. It allows its holder to buy goods and services based on the holders promise to pay for these goods and services. 1 The issuer of the card creates a revolving account and grants a line of credit to the consumer (or the user) from which the user can borrow money for payment to a merchandiser or as a cash advance to the user.A credit card is different from a charge card a charge card requires the balance to be paid in full each month. In contrast, credit cards allow the consumers a continuing balance of debt, subject to interest being aerated. A credit card also differs from a cash card, which can be used like silver by the owner of the card. Most credit cards are issued by banks or credit unions, and are the shape and size specified by the ISO/IEC 7810standard as ID-1. This is de find outate as 85. 60 ? 53. 98 mm (3. 370 ? 2. 125 in) (33/8 ? 21/8 in) in size .How credit cards work Credit cards are issued by a credit card issuer, such as a bank or credit union, after an account has been approved by the credit provider, after which cardholders can use it to make corrupts at merchandisers accepting that card. Merchants often advertise which cards they accept by displaying acceptance mark generally derived from logos or may communicate this orally, as in Credit cards are fine (implicitly meaning major brands), We take (brands X, Y, and Z), or We dont take credit cards.When a purchase is made, the credit card user agrees to pay the card issuer. The cardholder indicates consent to pay by signing a receiptwith a record of the card details and indicating the amount to be paid or by immersion a personal identification number (PIN). Also, many merchants now accept verbal mandatorys via telepho ne and electronic authorization using the Internet, known as a card not present transaction (CNP).Electronic arrest systems allow merchants to verify in a few seconds that the card is valid and the credit card customer has sufficient credit to cover the purchase, allowing the verification to happen at time of purchase. The verification is performed using a credit card payment terminal or point-of-sale (POS) system with a communications link to the merchants acquiring bank. Data from the card is obtained from amagnetic shock or chip on the card the latter system is called Chip and PIN in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and is implemented as anEMV card.For card not present transactions where the card is not shown (e. g. , e-commerce, mail order, and telephone sales), merchants additionally verify that the customer is in physiologic possession of the card and is the authorized user by asking for additional information such as thesecurity code printed on the back of the card, date of expiry, and billing address. Each month, the credit card user is sent a statement indicating the purchases undertaken with the card, any outstanding fees, and the total amount owed.After receiving the statement, the cardholder may dispute any charges that he or she thinks are incorrect (see 15 U. S. C. 1643, which limits cardholder liability for unauthorized use of a credit card to $50, and the Fair Credit Billing Act for details of the US regulations). Otherwise, the cardholder must pay a defined minimum proportion of the bill by a due date, or may choose to pay a higher amount up to the entire amount owed. The credit issuer charges interest on the amount owed if the balance is not paid in full (typically at a much higher rate than most other forms of debt).In addition, if the credit card user fails to make at least the minimum payment by the due date, the issuer may impose a late fee and/or other penalties on the user. To help mitigate this, some financial institutions can arran ge for automatic payments to be deducted from the users bank accounts, thus avoiding such penalties altogether as long as the cardholder has sufficient funds. Interest charges Credit card issuers ordinarily waive interest charges if the balance is paid in full each month, but typically will charge full interest on the entire outstanding balance from the date of each purchase if the total balance is not paid.For example, if a user had a $1,000 transaction and repaid it in full within this grace period, there would be no interest charged. If, however, even $1. 00 of the total amount remained unpaid, interest would be charged on the $1,000 from the date of purchase until the payment is received. The precise manner in which interest is charged is usually detailed in a cardholder agreement which may be summarized on the back of the periodical statement. The general calculation formula most financial institutions use to determine the amount of interest to be charged is APR/100 x ADB/365 x number of days rotate.Take the yearly percentage rate (APR) and tell by 100 then multiply to the amount of the average daily balance (ADB) divided by 365 and then take this total and multiply by the total number of days the amount revolved before payment was made on the account. Financial institutions refer to interest charged back to the original time of the transaction and up to the time a payment was made, if not in full, as RRFC or residual retail finance charge.Thus after an amount has revolved and a payment has been made, the user of the card will still receive interest charges on their statement after paying the next statement in full (in fact the statement may only have a charge for interest that collected up until the date the full balance was paid, i. e. when the balance stopped revolving). The credit card may simply serve as a form of revolving credit, or it may become a complex financial instrument with multiple balance segments each at a different interest rate, p erchance with a single umbrella credit limit, or with separate credit limits applicable to the various balance segments.Usually this compartmentalization is the result of special incentive offers from the issuing bank, to encourage balance transfers from cards of other issuers. In the event that several interest rates apply to various balance segments, payment allocation is generally at the discretion of the issuing bank, and payments will therefore usually be allocated towards the lowest rate balances until paid in full before any money is paid towards higher rate balances.Interest rates can vary considerably from card to card, and the interest rate on a particular card may jump dramatically if the card user is late with a payment on that card or any other credit instrument, or even if the issuing bank decides to raise its revenue. Benefits to customers The main benefit to each customer is convenience. Compared to account cards and cheques, a credit card allows small short-term lo ans to be quickly made to a customer who need not calculate a balance rest before every transaction, provided the total charges do not exceed the maximum credit line for the card.Credit cards also provide more fraud protection than calculate cards. In the UK for example, the bank is jointly liable with the merchant for purchases of defective products over ? 100. 5 Many credit cards offer rewards and benefits packages, such as offering enhanced product warranties at no cost, free loss/damage coverage on new purchases, and points which may be redeemed for cash, products, or airline tickets. Additionally, carrying a credit card may be a convenience to some customers as it eliminates the need to carry any cash for most purposes.MOBILE BANKING Mobile banking (also known as M-Banking, mbanking, SMS Banking) is a term used for performing balance checks, account transactions, payments, credit applications and other banking transactions through a mobile device such as a mobile phone or Per sonal Digital Assistant (PDA). The earliest mobile banking services were offered over SMS. With the introduction of the first primitive smart phones withWAP support enabling the use of the mobile web in 1999, the first European banks started to offer mobile banking on this platform to their customers .Mobile banking has until recently (2010) most often been performed via SMS or the Mobile Web. Applesinitial success with iPhone and the rapid growth of phones based on Googles Android (operating system)have led to increasing use of special client programs, called apps, downloaded to the mobile device. Mobile Banking Services Mobile banking can offer services such as the adjacent Account Information 1. Mini-statements and checking of account history 2. Alerts on account activity or passing of set thresholds 3. Monitoring of term deposits 4. Access to loan statements 5. Access to card statements . Mutual funds / equity statements 7. indemnification policy management 8. Pension plan man agement 9. Status on cheque, stop payment on cheque 10. Ordering cheque books 11. Balance checking in the account 12. Recent transactions 13. Due date of payment (functionality for stop, change and deleting of payments) 14. PIN provision, Change of PIN and reminder over the Internet 15. Blocking of (lost, stolen) cards Payments, Deposits, Withdrawals, and Transfers 1. Domestic and international fund transfers 2. Micro-payment handling 3. Mobile recharging 4. Commercial payment affect 5. Bill payment processing . Peer to Peer payments 7. Withdrawal at banking agent 8. Deposit at banking agent A specific sequence of SMS messages will enable the system to verify if the client has sufficient funds in his or her wallet and authorize a deposit or withdrawal transaction at the agent. When depositing money, the merchant receives cash and the system credits the clients bank account or mobile wallet. In the same way the client can also withdraw money at the merchant through exchanging sms to provide authorization, the merchant hands the client cash and calculate entrys the merchants account. Investments 1.Portfolio management services 2. Real-time stock quotes 3. Personalized alerts and notifications on security prices Support 1. Status of requests for credit, including mortgage approval, and insurance coverage 2. Check (cheque) book and card requests 3. Exchange of data messages and email, including complaint submission and tracking 4. ATM Location Content Services 1. General information such as weather updates, news 2. Loyalty-related offers 3. Location-based services Based on a survey conducted by Forrester, mobile banking will be attractive mainly to the younger, more tech-savvy customer segment.A third of mobile phone users say that they may consider performing some kind of financial transaction through their mobile phone. unless most of the users are interested in performing basic transactions such as querying for account balance and making bill payment. ELE CTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER Electronic funds transfer or EFT is the electronic exchange or transfer of money from one account to another, either within a single financial institution or across multiple institutions, through computer-based systems. The term is used for a number of different concepts Cardholder-initiated transactions, where a cardholder makes use of a payment card * Direct deposit paysheet payments for a product line to its employees, possibly via a payroll service bureau * Direct debit payments, sometimes called electronic checks, for which a business debits the consumers bank accounts for payment for goods or services * Electronic bill payment in online banking, which may be delivered by EFT or paper check * Transactions involving stored value of electronic money, possibly in a private currency * Wire transfer via an international banking network (carries a higher fee in North America) * Electronic Benefit Transfer In 1978 U. S. Congress passed the Electronic Funds Tra nsfer Act to establish the rights and liabilities of consumers as well as the responsibilities of all participants in EFT activities in the United States. RTGSReal time gross settlement systems (RTGS) are funds transfer systems where transfer of money or securities1 takes place from one bank to another on a real time and on gross basis. Settlement in real time manner payment transaction is not subjected to any postponement period. The transactions are settled as soon as they are processed. Gross settlement means the transaction is settled on one to one basis without bunching or netting with any other transaction. Once processed, payments are final and irrevocable. Fees for RTGS vary from bank to bank. RBI has prescribed upper limit for the fees which can be charged by all banks both for NEFT and RTGS.Both the remitting and receiving must have Core banking in place to enter into RTGS transactions. Core Banking enabled banks and branches are assigned an Indian Financial System Code (IFSC) for RTGS and NEFT purposes. This is an eleven digit alphanumeric code and unique to each branch of bank. The first four alphabets indicate the identity of the bank and remaining seven numerals indicate a single branch. This code is provided on the cheque books, which are required for transactions along with recipients account number. RTGS is a large value (minimum value of transaction should be Rs 2,00,000) funds transfer system whereby financial intermediaries can settle interbank transfers for their own account as well as for their customers.The system effects final settlement of interbank funds transfers on a continuous, transaction-by-transaction basis throughout the processing day. Customers can access the RTGS facility between 9 am to 430 pm on week days and 9 am to 130 pm on Saturday. However, the timings that the banks follow may vary depending on the customer timings of the bank branches. Banks could use balances maintained under the cash reserve ratio (CRR) and the intra-day liquidity (IDL) to be supplied by the central bank, for meeting any eventuality arising out of the real time gross settlement (RTGS). The RBI fixed the IDL limit for banks to three times their net owned fund (NOF). The IDL will be charged at Rs 25 per transaction entered into by the bank on theRTGS platform. The saleable securities and treasury billswill have to be placed as collateral with a margin of five per cent. However, the efflorescence bank will also impose severe penalties if the IDL is not paid back at the end of the day. National Electronic Fund Transfer National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT) is an online system for transferring funds of Indian financial institution (especially banks). There is no minimum limit for fund transfer in NEFT system. DEBIT CARDS A debit card (also known as a bank card or check card) is a plastic card that provides the cardholder electronic access to his or her bank account/s at a financial institution.Some cards have a stored valu e with which a payment is made, while most relay a message to the cardholders bank to withdraw funds from a designated account in favor of the payees designated bank account. The card can be used as an alternative payment method to cash when making purchases. In some cases, the cards are designed exclusively for use on the Internet, and so there is no physical card. In many countries the use of debit cards has become so widespread that their volume of use has overtaken or entirely replaced the check and, in some instances, cash transactions. deal credit cards, debit cards are used widely for telephone and Internet purchases. However, unlike credit cards, the funds paid using a debit card are transferred instantly from the bearers bank account, instead of having the bearer pay back the money at a later date.Debit cards usually also allow for instant withdrawal of cash, acting as the ATM card for withdrawing cash and as a check guarantee card. Merchants may also offer cashback facil ities to customers, where a customer can withdraw cash along with their purchase. Online Debit System Online debit cards require electronic authorization of every transaction and the debits are reflected in the users account immediately. The transaction may be additionally secured with the personal identification number (PIN) authentication system and some online cards require such authentication for every transaction, essentially becoming enhanced automatic bank clerk machine(ATM) cards.One difficulty in using online debit cards is the necessity of an electronic authorization device at the point of sale (POS) and sometimes also a separate PINpad to enter the PIN, although this is becoming commonplace for all card transactions in many countries. Overall, the online debit card is generally viewed as superior to the offline debit card because of its more secure authentication system and live status, which alleviates problems with processing lag on transactions that may only issue onli ne debit cards. Some on-line debit systems are using the normal authentication processes of Internet banking to provide real-time on-line debit transactions. The most notable of these are Ideal and POLi. Offline Debit SystemOffline debit cards have the logos of major credit cards (for example, Visa or MasterCard) or major debit cards (for example, Maestro in the United Kingdom and other countries, but not the United States) and are used at the point of sale like a credit card (with payers signature). This type of debit card may be subject to a daily limit, and/or a maximum limit equal to the current/checking account balance from which it draws funds. Transactions conducted with offline debit cards require 23 days to be reflected on users account balances. In some countries and with some banks and merchant service organizations, a credit or offline debit transaction is without cost to the purchaser beyond the face value of the transaction, while a small fee may be charged for a debit or online debit transaction (although it is often absorbed by the retailer).Other differences are that online debit purchasers may opt to withdraw cash in addition to the amount of the debit purchase (if the merchant supports that functionality) also, from the merchants standpoint, the merchant pays turn away fees on online debit transaction as compared to credit (offline) debit transaction. Prepaid debit cards Prepaid debit cards, also called reloadable debit cards or reloadable prepaid cards, are often used for recurring payments. The payer haemorrhoid funds to the cardholders card account. Prepaid debit cards use either the offline debit system or the online debit system to access these funds. Particularly for companies with a large number of payment recipients abroad, prepaid debit cards allow the delivery of international payments without the delays and fees associated with international checks and bank transfers.Providers include Caxton FX prepaid cards, Escape prepaid card s, Travelex prepaid cards and TransCash prepaid Visa cards. Whereas, web-based services such as stock photography websites (istockphoto), outsourced services (oDesk),money transfer services (Western Union) and affiliate networks (MediaWhiz) have all started offering prepaid debit cards for their contributors/freelancers/vendors. Advantages of debit cards a. A consumer who is not credit worthy and may find it difficult or impossible to obtain a credit card can more easily obtain a debit card, allowing him/her to make plastic transactions. For example, legislation often prevents minors from taking out debt, which includes the use of a credit card, but not online debit card transactions. b.For most transactions, a check card can be used to avoid check writing altogether. Check cards debit funds from the users account on the spot, thereby finalizing the transaction at the time of purchase, and bypassing the requirement to pay a credit card bill at a later date, or to write an insecure check containing the account holders personal information. c. Like credit cards, debit cards are accepted by merchants with less identification and scrutiny than personal checks, thereby making transactions quicker and less intrusive. Unlike personal checks, merchants generally do not believe that a payment via a debit card may be later dishonored. d.Unlike a credit card, which charges higher fees and interest rates when a cash advance is obtained, a debit card may be used to obtain cash from an ATM or a PIN-based transaction at no extra charge, other than a foreign ATM fee. Disadvantages of debit cards a. Use of a debit card is not usually limited to the existing funds in the account to which it is linked, most banks allow a certain threshold over the available bank balance which can cause overdraft fees if the users transaction does not reflect available balance. b. Many banks are now charging over-limit fees or non-sufficient funds fees based upon pre-authorizations, and even att empted but refused transactions by the erchant (some of which may be unknown until later baring by account holder). c. Many merchants mistakenly believe that amounts owed can be taken from a customers account after a debit card (or number) has been presented, without agreement as to date, payee name, amount and currency, thus causing penalty fees for overdrafts, over-the-limit, amounts not available causing further rejections or overdrafts, and rejected transactions by some banks. d. In some countries debit cards offer lower levels of security protection than credit cards. 9 Theft of the users PIN using skimming devices can be all over much easier with a PIN input than with a signature-based credit transaction.However, thieving of users PIN codes using skimming devices can be equally easily accomplished with a debit transaction PIN input, as with a credit transaction PIN input, and theft using a signature-based credit transaction is equally easy as theft using a signature-based debit transaction. e. In many places, laws protect the consumer from fraud much less than with a credit card. While the holder of a credit card is legally responsible for only a minimal amount of a fraudulent transaction made with a credit card, which is often waived by the bank, the consumer may be held liable for hundreds of dollars, or even the entire value of fraudulent debit transactions. The consumer also has a shorter time (usually just two days) to report such fraud to the bank in order to be eligible for such a waiver with a debit card,9 whereas with a credit card, this time may be up to 60 days.A thief who obtains or clones a debit card along with its PIN may be able to clean out the consumers bank account, and the consumer will have no recourse. f. An automated teller machine (ATM), also known as a Cash Point, Cash Machine or sometimes a Hole in the Wall in British English, is a computerised telecommunications device that provides the clients of a financial institution wi th access to financial transactions in a public space without the need for a cashier, human clerk or bank teller. ATMs are known by various other call including automatic banking machine, cash machine, and various regional variants derived from trademarks on ATM systems held by particular banks. g.On most modern ATMs, the customer is identified by inserting a plastic ATM card with a magnetic stripe or a plastic smart card with a chip, that contains a unique card number and some security information such as an expiration date or CVVC (CVV). Authentication is provided by the customer entering a personal identification number (PIN). h. Using an ATM, customers can access their bank accounts in order to make cash withdrawals,credit card cash advances, and check their account balances as well as purchase prepaid cellphone credit. If the currency being withdrawn from the ATM is different from that which the bank account is denominated in (e. g. Withdrawing Japanese Yen from a bank account containing US Dollars), the money will be converted at a wholesale exchange rate. Thus, ATMs often provide the best possible exchange rate for foreign travelers and are heavily used for this purpose as well resource uses Two NCR Personas 84 ATMs at a bank in jersey dispensing two types of pound sterling banknotes Bank of England noteson the left, and States of Jersey notes on the right Although ATMs were originally developed as just cash dispensers, they have evolved to include many other bank-related functions. In some countries, especially those which benefit from a fully integrated cross-bank ATM network (e. g. Multibanco in Portugal), ATMs include many functions which are not directly related to the management of ones own bank account, such as 1. Deposit currency recognition, acceptance, and recycling6162 2. Paying routine bills, fees, and taxes (utilities, phone bills, social security, legal fees, taxes, etc. ) 3. Printing bank statements 4. Updating passbooks 5. Loading mone tary value into stored value cards 6. Purchasing 7. pestle stamps. 8. Lottery tickets 9. Train tickets 10. Concert tickets 11. Movie tickets 12. Shopping mall gift certificates. 13. Games and promotional features 14. Fastloans 15. CRM at the ATM 16. Cheque Processing Module 17. Adding pre-paid cell phone / mobile phone credit.Increasingly banks are seeking to use the ATM as a sales device to deliver pre approved loans and targeted advertising using products such as ITM (the Intelligent Teller Machine) from Aptra Relate from NCR. ATMs can also act as an advertising channel for companies to advertise their own products or third-party products and services. In Canada, ATMs are called guichets automatiques in French and sometimes Bank Machines in English. The Interac shared cash network does not allow for the selling of goods from ATMs due to specific security requirements for PIN entry when buying goods. CIBC machines in Canada, are able to top-up the minutes on certain pay as you go phones. TELEPHONE BANKINGTelephone banking is a service provided by a financial institution, which allows its customers to perform transactions over the telephone. Most telephone banking services use an automated phone answering system with phone keypad response or voice recognition capability. To guarantee security, the customer must first authenticate through a numeric or verbal password or through security questions asked by a live representative (see below). With the obvious exception of cash withdrawals and deposits, it offers virtually all the features of an automated teller machine account balance information and list of latest transactions, electronic bill payments, funds transfers between a customersaccounts, etc.Usually, customers can also speak to a live representative located in a call centre or a branch, although this feature is not always guaranteed to be offered 24/7. In addition to the self-service transactions listed earlier, telephone banking representatives are us ually trained to do what was traditionally available only at the branch loan applications, investment purchases and redemptions, chequebook orders, debit cardreplacements, change of address, etc. Banks which operate largely or exclusively by telephone are known as phone banks. They also help modernise the user by using special technology. A credit card balance transfer is the transfer of the balance (the money) in a credit card account to an account held at another credit cardcompany.This process is actively encouraged by almost all credit card issuers as a means to attract new customers. Such an arrangement is attractive to the consumer because the new bank or credit card issuer will offer incentives such as a low interest or interest-free period, loyalty points or some such other device or combination of incentives. It is also attractive to the credit card company which uses this process to gain that new customer, and of course detrimental to the prior credit card company. An ord er of payments for every credit card specifies which balance(s) will be paid first. In nearly all cases payments apply to lowest-rate balances first highest-rate last.Any balance under a teaser rate or fixed rate will be paid off sooner than any purchases or cash advances (which usually have the highest APR). By avoiding making purchases or taking cash advances altogether, the borrower can ensure they maintain the full benefits of the original balance transfer. The process is extremely fast and can be concluded within a matter of hours in some cases. Automated services exist to help facilitate such balance transfers. Other similar services do exist, but they may not be free to use. USES OF teaching TECHNOLOGY IN BANKS Information Technology uses in Banking sector Business banking Retail banking Banking technology Banking surround Card Market Business bankingBMI-Tec Knowledge has been publishing their annual report on Business Electronic Banking for the past 13 years. The report p rovides valuable year on year trend analysis for the major banks in South Africa. There are two parallel explore objectives of the publication, to report on business banking trends and more specific information on each of the electronic banking products offered by the banks. Each year, the questionnaire used for the research process retains a generic core but in bodieds changes that reflect the ever changing banking environment and the related impact of technology. The research is focus on business banking and specifically for companies that use an online or electronic banking product in their ay-to-day governing body of their business banking administration. The key area of segmentation for this report is by the four major banks in South Africa Absa, First National Bank, Nedbank and Standard Bank. Other areas of segmentation include size of company by employees and annual swage and whether these companies are single banked or multi banked. Retail banking Understanding the finan cial delivery channels BMI-T has conducted a recent benchmarking study to highlight external expertise and knowledge that is currently available in the ATM and SST environment. From this collated information, the client was able will be able to benchmark their own operations against these parameters.This study assisted the client in identifying and determining the current and potential best practices around ATMs and to see where they are currently placed in this context. The scope of the research covered both local and international perspectives with the international perspective be segmented further by a split between Africa in comparison with the Rest of the World and South Africa Business Electronic Banking in the Small to Medium Business sector BMI-Tec Knowledge has been publishing their annual report on Business Electronic Banking in the corporate sector for the past 13 years. This new report, Business electronic banking in the SMB sector will be a parallel report in order to f ully understand both markets corporates and the SMB sector.There are two parallel research objectives of the publication, to report on business banking trends in the small to medium business sector and provide more specific information on each of the electronic banking products offered by the banks. The research is focused on business banking and specifically for companies that use an online or electronic banking product in their day-to-day administration of their business banking administration. The key area of segmentation for this report is the four major banks in South Africa Absa, First National Bank, Nedbank and Standard Bank. Other areas of segmentation include size of company by employees and annual turnover and whether these companies are single banked or multi banked. Multi-Channel Banking for Retail Financial Services 2005 BMI-T conducts research in the financial delivery channels to the retail market.This research covers the following issues The optimum balance between c ustomer experience and lower costs, International overview of financial delivery channels and the road to multi-channel integration, Trends and market drivers and/or inhibitors that have driven the changes in global banks, South African comparison of financial delivery channels and their related offerings from the banks, Comparison of determine and products and services that are available on each channel from each financial provider, Number of customer points such as ATMs, Number of banking branches and level of change and expected growth for the future. Research to test the future for High-value-low frequency channels or low-value-high frequency channels, current and future usage patterns of financial delivery channels from the South African retail customers (which channels, frequency, timing and for which transactions plus trend analysis with past annual data). Banking technology South Africa is in many ways a global leader in the bankers acceptance and use of technology to impr ove competitiveness and de